But among serious enthusiasts of Russian literature, novels don't come much less deniable than The Master and Margarita , Mikhail Bulgakov's tale of the Devil's visit to Soviet Moscow in the s. The Master and Margarita consists of two parallel narratives.
The print version of this textbook is ISBN: ,. The novel oscillates between the story of the historical Jesus — though not quite the one the Bible tells — and that of Woland and his entourage, which includes an enormous cat named Behemoth with a taste for chess, vodka, wisecracks, and firearms. Dark humor flows liberally from their antics, as well as from Bulgakov's depiction of 'the USSR at the height of the Stalinist period.
There, artists and authors worked under strict censorship, subject to imprisonment, exile, or execution if they were seen as undermining state ideology. Self-esteem may fluctuate in the short term in response to situational factors.
All of these are true according to the research. Self-esteem is strongly related to happiness. Low self-esteem has been shown to be a reliable cause of improvement in academic performance. Self-esteem is unrelated to how quickly love relationships end. Objective data gathered from peers indicates that people with high self-esteem are more likeable and make better impressions than those with low self-esteem.
Self-esteem of Asians is higher than that of Hispanics. White females have higher self-esteem than white males. Minority females have lower self-esteem than minority males. Blacks have higher self-esteem than whites. This is an example of pessimistic explanatory style. Juan asserts that he has above average intelligence.
June prefers to be with partners who hold a similar view of her as she does of herself. Jimmy picks his own lottery numbers. Janey predicts that she will have below average problems in her future. She began to reassure herself that at least she did not get a D like Debbie. This is an example of which strategy for self-enhancement? Robert Cialdini. Roy Baumeister. Martin Seligman. Jane was using the method of self-enhancement known as downward social comparison.
He is facing self-handicapping. Following the potluck, the coworkers were put into groups and asked to tackle some difficult work-related tasks. The likelihood that Susan would give up more quickly than her coworkers is consistent with the ego depletion model of self-regulation. It is likely that he is delusional. Theo gives a sincere compliment to his psychology instructor. Ted does a favor for a neighbor. Theresa plays up her strong points to her boss. Jerry would best be classified as a high approval seeker.
High self-monitors control their emotions poorly. His wife has decided not to help him build his self-esteem because he is likely to be narcissistic.
Recognize that you do not control your self-image. Learn more about yourself. Emphasize your strengths. This belief is most likely to change under which of the following conditions? She takes a college class in psychology. She leaves college to take a job in another state. Her parents suggest that she is actually quite shy. She reads a book that suggests that shy people are seen as attractive by others. The self-esteem of blacks is higher than that of whites. High individualism is associated with low self-esteem.
White girls have higher self-esteem than minority girls. Always compare yourself to the best. Recognize and eliminate negative self-talk. Understand the key differences between snap judgments and systematic judgments. Define attributions and explain when people are likely to make them. Recognize four important cognitive distortions and how they operate. Identify some ways in which perceptions of others are efficient, selective, and consistent.
Understand how authoritarianism and cognitive distortions can contribute to prejudice. Clarify how intergroup competition and threats to social identity can foster prejudice. Describe the operation of several strategies for reducing prejudice. The Power of Persuasion Cite the key elements in the persuasion process.
Describe several source factors that influence persuasion. Discuss the evidence on one-sided versus two-sided messages and the value of arousing fear or positive feelings in persuasion. Identify several receiver factors that influence persuasion. Explain how the two cognitive routes to persuasion operate. Formal essays are characterized by 'serious purpose, dignity, logical organization, length,' whereas the informal essay is characterized by 'the personal element self-revelation, individual tastes and experiences, confidential manner , humor, graceful style, rambling structure, unconventionality or novelty of theme,' etc.
Essays are commonly used as literary criticism, political manifestos, learned arguments, observations of daily life, recollections, and reflections of the author. Almost all modern essays are written in prose, but works in verse have been dubbed essays e.
In some countries e. Secondary students are taught structured essay formats to improve their writing skills; admission essays are often used by universities in selecting applicants, and in the humanities and social sciences essays are often used as a way of assessing the performance of students during final exams.
The concept of an 'essay' has been extended to other media beyond writing. A film essay is a movie that often incorporates documentary filmmaking styles and focuses more on the evolution of a theme or idea. A photographic essay covers a topic with a linked series of photographs that may have accompanying text or captions. An essay has been defined in a variety of ways.
One definition is a 'prose composition with a focused subject of discussion' or a 'long, systematic discourse'. Aldous Huxley, a leading essayist, gives guidance on the subject. Furthermore, Huxley argues that 'essays belong to a literary species whose extreme variability can be studied most effectively within a three-poled frame of reference'. These three poles or worlds in which the essay may exist are:.
Huxley adds that the most satisfying essays ' The word essay derives from the French infinitive essayer , 'to try' or 'to attempt'.
In English essay first meant 'a trial' or 'an attempt', and this is still an alternative meaning. The Frenchman Michel de Montaigne — was the first author to describe his work as essays; he used the term to characterize these as 'attempts' to put his thoughts into writing, and his essays grew out of his commonplacing. For the rest of his life, he continued revising previously published essays and composing new ones.
Francis Bacon's essays, published in book form in , , and , were the first works in English that described themselves as essays. Ben Jonson first used the word essayist in English in , according to the Oxford English Dictionary. In France, Michel de Montaigne's three volume Essais in the mid s contain over examples widely regarded as the predecessor of the modern essay.
In the 18th and 19th centuries, Edmund Burke and Samuel Taylor Coleridge wrote essays for the general public. The early 19th century, in particular, saw a proliferation of great essayists in English — William Hazlitt, Charles Lamb, Leigh Hunt and Thomas de Quincey all penned numerous essays on diverse subjects.
In the 20th century, a number of essayists tried to explain the new movements in art and culture by using essays e. As with the novel, essays existed in Japan several centuries before they developed in Europe with a genre of essays known as zuihitsu — loosely connected essays and fragmented ideas.
Zuihitsu have existed since almost the beginnings of Japanese literature. Many of the most noted early works of Japanese literature are in this genre. Notable examples include The Pillow Book c. Another noteworthy difference from Europe is that women have traditionally written in Japan, though the more formal, Chinese-influenced writings of male writers were more prized at the time.
This section describes the different forms and styles of essay writing. These forms and styles are used by an array of authors, including university students and professional essayists. The defining features of a 'cause and effect' essay are causal chains that connect from a cause to an effect, careful language, and chronological or emphatic order.
A writer using this rhetorical method must consider the subject, determine the purpose, consider the audience, think critically about different causes or consequences, consider a thesis statement, arrange the parts, consider the language, and decide on a conclusion.
Classification is the categorization of objects into a larger whole while division is the breaking of a larger whole into smaller parts. Compare and contrast essays are characterized by a basis for comparison, points of comparison, and analogies.
It is grouped by the object chunking or by point sequential. The comparison highlights the similarities between two or more similar objects while contrasting highlights the differences between two or more objects. Compare and contrast is arranged emphatically. Expository essay is used to inform, describe or explain a topic, using important facts and teaching reader about the topic. Mostly written in third-person, using 'it', 'he', 'she', 'they'.
Expository essay uses formal language to discuss someone or something. Examples of expository essays are: a medical or biological condition, social or technological process, life or character of a famous person. Writing of expository essay often consists of following next steps: organizing thoughts brainstorming , researching a topic, developing a thesis statement, writing the introduction, writing the body of essay, writing the conclusion.
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